Art Of Logical Thinking by William Atkinson - Read the Complete Text for free at NewThoughtLibrary.com

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William Atkinson's

Art Of Logical Thinking

Book page numbers, along with the number to the left of the .htm extension match the page numbers of the original books to ensure easy use in citations for research papers and books

1 - Reasoning - 2 - Process of Reasoning - 3 - The Concept - 4 - The Use of Concepts - 5 - Concepts and Images - 6 - Terms - 7 - Meaning of Terms - 8 - Judgments - 9 - Propositions - 10 - Immediate Reasoning - 11 - Inductive Reasoning - 12 - Reasoning by Induction - 13 - Theory and Hypotheses - 14 - Making and Testing Hypotheses - 15 - Deductive Reasoning - 16 - The Syllogism - 17 - Varieties of Syllogisms - 18 - Reasoning by Analogy - 19 - Fallacies -

read: "Some men are mortal," it would not follow that Socrates must be mortal — he might or might not be so. Another form of this fallacy is shown in the statement that

(1) White is a color;

(2) Black is a color; hence

(3) Black must be White.

The two premises really mean "White is some color; Black is some color; and not that either is "all colors." Another example is: "Men are bipeds; birds are bipeds; hence, men are birds." In this example "bipeds" is not distributed as "all bipeds" but is simply not-distributed as "some bipeds." These syllogisms, therefore, not being according to rule, must fail. They are not true syllogisms, and constitute fallacies.

To be "distributed," the Middle Term must be the Subject of a Universal Proposition, or the Predicate of a Negative Proposition; to be "undistributed" it must be the Subject of a Particular Proposition, or the Predicate of an Affirmative Proposition. (See chapter on Propositions.)

VI. That an extreme, if undistributed in a Premise, may not be distributed in the Conclusion. This because it would be illogical and

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