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and an increased and insuperable resistance remains as the final result. Without this capability of occupying space to some sense we withhold the appellation of matter. Here, again, any given degree of incompressibility is not necessary to matter, but only that there should be some degree of it, and some degree of incompressibility is necessary as involved in this method of occupying space. The general necessity, then, is evolved from this general condition of the existence and recognition of matter, that it shall be a space-filling force, that it shall have, in the external world, a permanent substratum to its phenomena.

As the necessary connection of extension with matter arises from the idea of space, so that of solidity arises from the occupation of space, the ideal of a local, fixed cause, the source of fixed phenomena. That the forces which lie at tin- basis of matter may in some cases penetrate each other, as in the union of two gases, and may in others entirely exclude each other, as in the contact of solids, are facts to be learned by experience. The very notion of matter, however, is that it involves a local cause or force, and if a cause or force, that it has some means of showing itself as a force.

If it be said that the distinction between primary and secondary qualities is valid, since solidity necessarily involves force, the substratum of matter; answer is made that no specific form of force is necessary to matter, but only some form of force, and that this is as necessary to color, to flavor, to odor, when these are present, as to solidity when this is shown. Solidity has no permanent existence any more than odor or color, demands like them for its manifestation appropriate conditions, and does no more than they do, in demanding as a condition an external force. If, then, we speak of the effects matter is capable of producing as the qualities of that matter, odor, resistance are such qualities, but neither of them are constant; both are occasional,