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liberty must remain as the rational correlatives of each other in all knowledge. Necessary movement is not a movement to be known by itself, since such a knowledge would be a superfluous adjunct, a waste of energy. Knowledge, on the other hand, being present, must have an element of freedom, or the simply necessary will remain alien and inapproachable to it. It is along the line of interaction between the fixed and the flexible that rational life is developed.

(5.) Language, the most complete and permanent image of mental facts, includes fully the notion of liberty. "We refer not merely to the words of moral action and of intellectual and political freedom, though these forms of liberty are so wrought into speech, directly and indirectly, that the most careful expression can not shun them, that a consistent utterance of the doctrine of necessity becomes impossible but to the presence of such moods as the potential and the subjunctive and the imperative, and the constant overshadowing of the actual by the possible and the ideal. This perpetual tenor of speech is illusory, if the world is covered in all its parts by one inflexible movement. Language again, like life, lies in the interplay of the possible and the actual.

(6) If pure mental action is not spontaneous, it is the product of realized forces; no distinct seats of these forces can be given without involving materialism. Motives lie before the mind, and the objects expressed by them may not as yet even exist. Motives are images of possibilities, they are not forces in the mind moving it. The only imaginable seat of forces, efficient in a present process of thought or volition, must be brain tissue. But nervous forces working nervous effects bring no explanation of thoughts, unless these effects and thoughts are identical. Forces must be physical and must occasion