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physical effects, and these alone are what the theory of necessity expounds.

(7) Nor does physical investigation disclose any term in the circle of forces which can be regarded as a thought-force. Though we can not trace exactly the circuit of the forces that play into and through the brain, we regard them as complete within themselves on a purely physical basis; there is no opening, no transition stage, at which to insert a new force, a thought-force. The forces active in the telegraph stand on terms of complete equivalence among themselves; the mind of the operator is not included in them. No more is thought embraced as a recognized part of the nervous circle. We have chemical, thermal, electric nervous forces, but no known thought-force. Not the first fact of this order appears in physical inquiry. Yet will expresses itself in forces of great energy, and if it does this by virtue of itself being a force, the fact should be a palpable one. Quite the reverse seems to be the case; we have a complete circuit of physical forces, with no hint of any deficiency.

(8) Nor do motives combine like forces. Forces are not lost in the effects, whether they give apparent form to them or not. Adverse motives are lost. Single lines of action are taken. Mind does not move along the combining diagonal.

(9) If the theory of necessity were correct there could be no successful resistance to it. It is entirely simple, and if it were true, there would be an end. It is its inadequacy which stirs the mind to perpetual resistance.

(10) Nor would the necessitarian, if his view were a sound one, be led so often into fatal concessions. There is no midway ground, we must accept necessity or liberty. Few have the boldness to take necessity, and to consistently defend it. Most, like Dr. Carpenter, are tempted just at